[1] Milo Quaife, "When Detroit Invaded Kentucky, " The Filson Club History Quarterly, I (January, 1927), 53-57.
[2] Letter, Col. Benjamin Logan to Governor Benjamin Harrison of Virginia, August 81, 1782, Calendar of Virginia State Papers, (Richmond: James E. Goode, 1883), III, 280-83.
[3] Draper MSS, 10S81-85. The Draper Manuscripts are owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society.
[4] Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West (New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1909), II, 102.
[5] Sir Frederick Haldimand, a British Lieutenant General, succeeded Sir Guy Carleton as Governor of Canada in 1778, serving until 1784. His papers which have been bequeathed to the British Museum, cover 232 volumes of manuscript.
[6] Quaife, "When Detroit Invaded Kentucky," op cit., I, 53. Captain Henry Bird's report to Major Arent S. DePeyster, British Commander at Detroit, reinforces the contention that the raid on Martin's and Ruddle's Stations constituted a British invasion of Kentucky. See letter, Captain Bird to Major Arent S. DePeyster, July 1, 1780, Appendix A.
[7] Robert S. Cotterill, History of Pioneer Kentucky (Cincinnati: Johnson & Hardin, 1917), 1-15.
[8] See Lewis and Richard H. Collins, History of Kentucky. . . (Louisville: John P. Morton, 1924), I, 17-20, for the increasing rate at which settlers came to Kentucky by the Ohio River route.
[9] Henry Howe, Historical Collections of the Great West (Cincinnati: Henry Howe, 1873), 211, 217.
[10] Cotterill, op. cit., 248; Howe, op. cit., 215-17.
[11] Thomas D. Clark, A History of Kentucky (Lexington, Ky.: The John Bradford Press, 1954), 66-76; Robert Davidson, History of the Presbyterian Church in the State of Kentucky. (New York: Robert Carter, 1847), 63-87; Daniel Drake, Pioneer Life in Kentucky (Cincinnati: The Robert Clark & Co., 1870), 41-138; William C. Watts, Chronicles of a Kentucky Settlement ( New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897), 458-62; John W. Wayland, A History of Rockingham County Virginia (Dayton, Va.; Ruebush - Elkins Company, 1912), 382-83.
[12] Collins, op. cit., II, 325.
[13] At Lair, Kentucky, a station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, between Cincinnati and Lexington, about four miles south of Cynthiana.
[14] Collins op. cit., 11, 325-26.
[15] John Martin was born on the Atlantic Ocean, 1723, three days after his Quaker parents had left the shore of Ireland for America. He was one of Clark's six river spies, appointed by Colonel Logan to serve with John Conrad. Boone had appointed Simon Kenton and Thomas Brooks, and Harrod had appointed Samuel Moore and Bates Collier. It was their duty to go two by two each week and range up and down the Ohio River to watch for Indian signs and give timely warning to the forters. Collins, op cit., II, 423-24; William H. Perrin and Robert Peter, History of Bourbon, Scott, Harrison and Nicholas Counties. . . (Chicago: O. O. Baskin & Co., 1882). 36-37.
[16] John Haggin joined Colonel Bowman's Expedition in 1779 as Lieutenant Haggin with forty men from Ruddle's and Martin's Forts. As Captain Haggin he acted as one of Clark's river spies. He fell at the Battle of Blue Licks in 1782 while leading a charge. His blockhouse, built on a high bluff was surrounded by six or seven cabins. There, in a sharp Indian attack, two men, McFall and McCombs, were killed. Collins, op. cit., II, 325, 425, 445-46, 732.
[17] Situated at the Big Spring on the Buffalo Trace in Scott County where Georgetown now stands.
[20] Collins, op cit., II, 327-28; Draper MSS, 11CC268; William H. English, Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio (Indianapolis & Kansas City: The Bowen - Merrill Company, 1896) I, 142-43.
[21] Collins, op. cit., I, 13.
[22] Michael Stoner was one of the most courageous of the early settlers. He was in Kentucky as early as 1767, hunting on Rockcastle River with James Harrod. He planted Strode's Field on Stoner, between Paris and Winchester, Kentucky, in 1774. He lived in Boonesboro Fort in 1775 and was called by Henderson in his journal, "our hunter". He owned large bodies of land on Stoner Creek, giving fifty acres of it to James Kennedy for "stocking" a plow for him and one thousand acres to Samuel Clay for a negro woman, a horse and a gun. He was selected by Boone and appointed with him by Governor Dunmore to conduct the surveyors into the settlements when the Indians were on the warpath, preceding the Battle of Point Pleasant. They made two trips over the mountains, covering about eight hundred miles in sixty days, probably breaking all records for speed and endurance for that day.
[23] Bird's raid into Kentucky was one of four British offensive plans to recover the west. Temple Bodley, George Roger Clark. . . (Cambridge: Houghten Mifflin Company, 1926), p. 160.
[24] Arent Schuyler DePeyster was born in New York City, June 27, 1736. At the age of nineteen he entered the 8th Regiment and saw service abroad and in various parts of North America. His service in the Northwest during the Revolution was particularly notable. He was Commandant of Mackinac from 1774 until after the capture of Governor Henry Hamilton by George Rogers Clark at Vincennes, when (1779) DePeyster was promoted to the command at Detroit. He continued to command at Detroit until 1784. DePeyster and Askin were staunch friends, as many letters in the Askin papers attest. DePeyster accompanied his regiment to England where he died, November 2, 1832, in his 97th year. He was a man of literary tastes and a confirmed rhymster. A close friend and neighbor of DePeyster at Dumfries was Robert Burns, and what was said to have been the last poem ever composed by the latter was one addressed to DePeyster in reply to an inquiry concerning Burns' health. Milo M. Quaife (ed.) The John Askin Papers (Detroit: The Detroit Library Commission, 1928), I, 72.
[25] Henry Hamilton, a native of Ireland, came to America as a soldier in the French and Indian War. He served under Amherst at Louisville and under Wolf at Quebeq. From 1761-1763 he was in the West Indies, and some time later his regiment was returned to England. Prior to the Revolution the civil administration of all Canada had been entrusted to a governor with headquarters at Quebec. Soon after the war began, the Earl of Dartmouth created the office of lieutenant governor at Mackinac, Detroit, and Vincennes, and Hamilton receive d the appointment at Detroit. He reached detroit November, 9, 1775, and his vigorous and stormy administration was terminated by his departure on the Vincennes campaign in the Autumn of 1778 from which he was never to return to Detroit. Consigned to imprisonment in Virginia, on securing his release, he went to England whence he returned to Canada in 1782 bearing the appointment of Lieutenant-Governor. His administration was beset with difficulties even as the earlier one at Detroit had been. Ibid. I, 72-73.
[26] Quaife, "When Detroit Invaded Kentucky," op.cit., I, 55-56.
[28] See Appendix B, photostated from the ledger of Macomb, Edgar and Macomb, British Fiscal Agents, The Askin Papers, Burton Collection, Detroit, Michigan.
[29] Both Jacob and Jonathan Schieffling were active on the British side of the Revolution. Jonathan served as lieutenant in Louis Chabert De Joncaire's company of Detroiters which went on Captain Henry Bird's invasion of Kentucky in 1780.
[31] Matthew Elliott was a native of Ireland who came to America as a young man in 1761. He served in Bouquet's expedition for the relief of Fort Pitt in 1763. For many years thereafter he was engaged in the Indian trade or the government service, or both with headquarters at Pittsburg. By the opening of the Revolution he was conducting rather extensive trading operations and had acquired much influence over the Indians of the Ohio Valley. Probably by reason of his government employment, Elliott remained loyal to the King, and in the autumn of 1776 set out with two or three followers and a considerable train of goods for Detroit. En route his goods and slaves were seized by the Indians, but Elliott himself reached Detroit in safety. There, however, he incurred the suspicion of disloyalty and was arrested and sent down to Quebec by Gov. Hamilton. On being released he made his way back to Pittsburg, where he associated with other loyalists and became known as a dangerous character. On March 28, 1778, Elliott again sought refuge at Detroit in company with Alexander McKee and Simon Girtv. This time he won the confidence of the British authorities and was soon employed in the Indian department. Throughout the remainder of the Revolution he was an active leader of Indians in the warfare in the West, participating in almost every important expedition in the Ohio region during the war. He led 300 Indians in the defeat of Col. Crawford's expedition, aided in the slaughter of the Kentuckians at the Blue Licks and served with Hamilton on the Vincennes campaign and with Bird on his invasion of Kentucky in 1780. He effectively served his country in the operations in Western Ohio from 1790 to 1794, and July, 1796, was promoted to superintendency of Indian Affairs. When war with the United States seemed again impending, the government found that no one else could control the western Indians, and Elliott was reappointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs. He was as much as any man responsible for the River Raisin Massacre. Few men have known how to control the American Indian as successfully as did Elliott, and none have been such bitter foes of the United States. He died at Burlington Heights, May 7, 1814, a fugitive from his home which had been ravaged by the victorious Americans. Elliott married Sarah Donovan, daughter of Matthew Donovan, one of Detroit's early schoolmasters. The outward shell of his home still stands on the shore of the Detroit River, a short distance below Amherstberg. The John Askin Papers, I, 257-58.
[32] Alexander McKee was a native of Pennsylvania who engaged in the Indian trade, and in 1772 was appointed Deputy Agent of Indian Affairs at Fort Pitt. When the Revolution came on, McKee sympathized with the British government. In 1777 he was imprisoned by General Hand. Being released on parole, he fled to Detroit in the spring of 1778, in company with Simon Girty and Matthew Elliott. In the same year he was appointed captain in the British Indian Department, and before long was given rank of deputy agent, and subsequently became Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Detroit. In 1789 he was made a member of the Land Board of the District of Hesse. McKee was an inveterate foe of the Americans and had much to do with inciting the Indians to war against them. The Battle of Fallen Timbers in August, 1794, was fought in the immediate vicinity of his trading establishment on the Maumee River, and at its conclusion, Wayne proceeded to raze his property. The day before the battle McKee intending to participate in it, made his will. A copy of this will is now in the Burton Historical Collection. McKee removed to the River Thames upon the American occupation of Detroit, and died there of lockjaw on January 13, 1799. Ibid., I, 801.
[33] Simon Girty was born in Pennsylvania in 1741. At the age of fifteen captured by the Senecas and lived with them as a prisoner for three years. He subsequently acted as an interpreter, and in this capacity served in Lord Dunmore's campaign. Loyalist in his sympathies, Girty in the spring of 1778 accompanied Alexander McKee and Matthew Elliott on their flight from Pittsburg to Detroit. Girty, like Elliott and McKee, became a notable leader of the Indians in the Northwest in their warfare with the Americans. For some reason Simon Girty was regarded by the Americans with greater detestation than any other of their foes, and he seems to have returned their feeling in full measure. In the summer of 1784 Girty married Catherine Malott, who had been living for several years as a captive of the Delaware tribe in Ohio, and established a home a short distance below Amherstberg. For a decade longer he continued to lead, or encourage, the western Indians in their warfare with the Americans, but this phase of his career was definitely closed by Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers and the peace which followed it. Save for a considerable period of exile during the War of 1812 when the Americans were in control of Amherstberg, Girty continued to reside there until his death, Februarv 18, 1818. Ibid. I, 308-09.
NOTE: for further information on Simon Girty, select the following link: Simon Girty
[34] Pioneer Collections Report of the Pioneer and Historical Society of the State of Michigan (Lansing: Thorp & Godfrey, 1886), IX, 584.
[36] John Bradford in 1787 founded the Kentucky Gazette, the second newspaper west of the Alleghanies. In this newspaper, from August 25, 1826 to January 9, 1829, Bradford wrote his invaluable "Notes on Kentucky," a contemporary account of the pioneer period. The Public Library of Lexington, Kentucky, has in its possession, the most complete file of the Kentucky Gazette.
[37] General Clark had cannon at the fort on the Falls of the Ohio.
[38] Abraham Chapline, a native of Virginia, came to Kentucky in 1774 with James Harrod. He took part in the battle of Point Pleasant and went with Clark on his Illinois expedition. Detailed to escort Colonel Roger's party to Fort Pitt, he was captured at its defeat and taken by the Indians to the head waters of Miami River, where he was forced to run the gauntlet and was then adopted into an Indian family. He later escaped, served till the end of the war, and settled in Mercer County, Kentucky, where he practiced medicine. He also served in the Kentucky Legislature. He died January, 1824, at Harrodsburg. Chapline Creek in Mercer County is named for him.
[39] The British, following the practice of the French, presented to the Indian Chiefs large silver medals in recognition of services and as tokens of chieftanship. A number of such medals, some with the effigy of George III, are in the Museum of the Wisconsin Historical Society.
[43] Lexington Public Library. Also found in Douglas S. Watson (ed.), John Bradford's Historical, Etc. Notes on Kentucky (San Francisco: The Grabhorn Press, 1932), 79-80, 87-90.
[46] Mrs. Peter Smith. William A. Galloway, Old Chillicothe Shawnee and Pioneer History (Xenia, Ohio: The Buckeye Press, 1934), 52.
[55] Collins, op. cit., II, 329.
[56] Footnote, Roosevelt, op. cit., II, 103.
[58] Letters and affidavits of citizens, whose fathers and grandfathers had told them the story, in possession of the writer.
[59] English, op. cit., I, 142-43.
[60] Galloway, op. cit., 122-23; Glenn Tucker, Tecumseh, Vision of Glory (Indianapolis & New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1956), 40-41. George W. Ruddle, a cousin of the two boys, told Lyman Draper in 1845 that both Stephen and Abraham were adopted brothers of Tecumseh and the Prophet and that both boys returned home seventeen years after their capture. Draper MSS, 20J24.
[62] Draper MSS, 11CC267, 13CC2.
[63] Cooper's Run Church records in possession of Dr. Daugherty, Paris, Kentucky.
[64] Letter in possession of the writer.
[65] Just back of Runnymeade, famous horse farm of Colonel Zeke Clay, Bourbon County, Kentucky.
[66] The Kentucky colored people were members of the church but sat in the balcony.
[67] Cooper's Run Church records.
[68] Now in the possession of Dr. Daugherty, a descendant of James Garrard.
[69] Draper MSS, 11CC33, 11CC35, 11CC276, 11CC277, 11CC278, and 29J25.
[73] Watson (ed.), John Bradford's Notes, op. cit., 85-87; Collins, op. cit., II, 325-26; Draper MSS 25, Book 7:10-13, 388.
[86] Mattie R. Davis of Lexington, Kentucky, who is a descendant of this family.
[89] Quaife, "When Detroit Invaded Kentucky," op cit., I, 59-60.
[91] Draper MSS, 11CC266, 267.
[93] Hubert Hutton, 209 York Street, Louisville, Kentucky. Jap King and other leading citizens of Cynthiana, Kentucky, are descended from Serena and Thomas Hutton.
[94] Mattie Davis of Lexington, Kentucky.
[96] This is a copy of photostats in the possession of the author of the original in the British Museum, through the courtesy of the Ottawa Archives. It is a part of the collection of 232 volumes of manuscripts known as the Haldiman Manuscripts in England and the Ottawa Manuscripts in Canada. Sir Frederick Haldiman was Governor of Canada at the time of Bird's invasion of Kentucky.
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